ABSTRACT
Abstract Cladocerans occupy an important position among the bacterial consumers in freshwater food webs, being relatively non-selective filter feeders that can exert a strong impact on microbial populations. We evaluated the bacterivory potential of three cladocerans species of subtropical and tropical occurrence (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Daphnia gessneri and Ceriodaphnia cornuta) at different life stages, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by the quantification of their bacterial consumption rates using fluorescently labeled bacteria (FLB). All species showed filter mesh sizes sufficiently narrow to retain bacteria. The largest distance between setules was found in primiparous C. cornuta, and the smallest in neonate D. gessneri. The lowest ingestion (IR) and removal (RR) rates were observed in primiparous C. silvestrii and the highest values were observed in adults of D. gessneri. We conclude that bacteria may be considered an important food supplement, particularly for neonates who presented smaller intersetular distances and higher filtration rates than the other life stages.
Resumo Dentre os diversos consumidores de bactérias nas teias alimentares de ambientes dulcícolas, os cladóceros ocupam uma posição relevante, sendo filtradores relativamente não seletivos que podem exercer forte impacto na redução populacional microbiana. Avaliamos o potencial bacterívoro de três espécies de cladóceros de ocorrência tropical e subtropical (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Ceriodaphnia cornuta e Daphnia gessneri) em diferentes fases de vida, através do estudo microscópico de suas estruturas filtradoras e da quantificação de suas taxas de ingestão em experimentos de bacterivoria utilizando-se bactérias marcadas fluorescentemente (FLB). As espécies estudadas mostraram ter uma rede de malhas filtradoras suficientemente estreitas para reter bactérias. A maior distância entre as sétulas foi encontrada em primíparas de C. cornuta, e a menor em neonatos de D. gessneri. As menores Taxas de Ingestão (TI) e Remoção (TR) foram observadas em primíparas de C. silvestrii e as maiores em adultas de D. gessneri. Concluímos que as bactérias podem ser consideradas um importante suplemento alimentar, principalmente para neonatos, que apresentaram pequenas distâncias intersetulares e altas taxas de ingestão comparadas aos outros estágios de vida.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacteria , Food Chain , Cladocera/physiology , Daphnia/physiology , Feeding BehaviorABSTRACT
Dyes are the most difficult constituents to remove by conventional biological wastewater treatment. Colored wastewater is mainly eliminated by physical and chemical procedures, which are very expensive and have drawbacks. Therefore, the advantage of using biological processes, such as the biotransformation of dyes, is that they may lead to complete mineralization or formation of less toxic products. To prove the possibility of using fungal processes for decolorization and other applications, the analysis of the toxicity of the processes' products is required. The decolorization of the mixture of two dyes from different classes - triphenylmethane brilliant green and azo Evans blue (GB - total concentration 0.08 g/L, proportion 1:1 w/w) - by Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH and MB), Gloeophyllum odoratum (DCa), RWP17 (Polyporus picipes) and Fusarium oxysporum (G1) was studied. Zootoxicity (Daphnia magna) and phytotoxicity (Lemna minor) changes were estimated at the end of the experiment. The mixture of dyes was significantly removed by all the strains that were tested with 96 h of experimental time. However, differences among strains from the same species (P. ostreatus) were noted. Shaking improved the efficacy and rate of the dye removal. In static samples, the removal of the mixture reached more than 51.9% and in shaken samples, more than 79.2%. Tests using the dead biomass of the fungi only adsorbed up to 37% of the dye mixture (strain BWPH), which suggests that the process with the living biomass involves the biotransformation of the dyes. The best results were reached for the MB strain, which removed 90% of the tested mixture under shaking conditions. Regardless of the efficacy of the dye removal, toxicity decreased from class V to class III in tests with D. magna. Tests with L. minor control samples were classified as class IV, and samples with certain strains were non-toxic. The highest phytotoxicity decrease was noted in shaken samples where the elimination of dye mixture was the best.
Subject(s)
Animals , Basidiomycota/growth & development , Basidiomycota/metabolism , Evans Blue/metabolism , Fusarium/growth & development , Fusarium/metabolism , Rosaniline Dyes/metabolism , Wastewater/microbiology , Araceae/drug effects , Araceae/physiology , Biotransformation , Cell Survival/drug effects , Daphnia/drug effects , Daphnia/physiology , Evans Blue/toxicity , Rosaniline Dyes/toxicity , Water Purification/methodsABSTRACT
The effect of dormancy in zooplankton populations is still unknown, largely because of the lack of methods to estimate hatching and production of the dormant stages. This study aimed to compare the production and hatching rates of ephippia of Daphnia laevis between thermal stratification and mixing periods in Jacaré Lake (Middle Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil). For this, we collected ephippia on the sediment with core sampler and we created a device called the “Ephippial Collector”. There was a significant difference in ephippia hatching in situ between stratification and mixing periods (Pearson's Chi-squared test p <0.001), being higher in the second one. Significant differences in the hatching rates between periods was observed in the laboratory only for ephippia collected with Ephippial Collectors (Pearson's Chi-squared test p <0.001), being higher during the mixing period (∼8%). The core sample allows the collection of a certain fraction of the sediment that may contain a mixture of ephippia produced in different periods, i.e., may contain old and not viable ephippia, which masks the hatching rate. Thus, seasonality in hatching rates of ephippia was reported only by Ephippial Collectors. The higher hatching rate observed during the mixing period in the lake suggests that individuals hatched from ephippia may contribute to the increase in the population of D. laevis in the water column at this time.
O efeito de dormência nas populações zooplanctônicas é ainda desconhecido, em grande parte devido à falta de metodologias para estimar a produção e eclosão de formas dormentes. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo comparar as taxas de produção e eclosão de efípios de Daphnia laevis entre períodos de estratificação térmica e de mistura na lagoa Jacaré (Médio Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil). Para isso, foi coletado efípios no sedimento com amostrador “corer” e foi criado um aparato denominado “Coletor de Efípios”. Houve diferença significativa na eclosão de efípios in situ entre período de estratificação térmica e de mistura (Pearson's Chi-squared test p<0.001), sendo maior no segundo. Diferenças significativas nas taxas de eclosão em laboratório entre os períodos foram observadas somente para os efípios coletados com os Coletores de Efípios (Pearson's Chi-squared test p<0.001), sendo maiores durante período de mistura (∼8%). O amostrador “corer” permite a coleta de determinada fração do sedimento que pode conter uma mistura de efípios produzidos em períodos distintos, ou seja, pode conter efípios antigos e não mais viáveis, o que mascara a taxa de eclosão. Dessa forma, a sazonalidade nas taxas de eclosão dos efípios foi constatada apenas pelos Coletores de Efípios. A maior taxa de eclosão observada em período de mistura do lago sugere que os indivíduos eclodidos dos efípios podem contribuir para o aumento da população de D. laevis na coluna de água nesta época.
Subject(s)
Animals , Daphnia/classification , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Lakes , Brazil , Daphnia/physiology , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Seasons , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
The fluctuation of the population of Daphnia laevis in Lake Jacaré (Middle River Doce, Minas Gerais) was monitored monthly (at one point in the limnetic region) for six years (2002-2007) as part of the Program of Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER/UFMG). The following parameters were also monitored: water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, phosphate, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and densities of Chaoborus and ephippia of Daphnia laevis in the sediment. A seasonal pattern was observed in the fluctuation of D. laevis, with higher densities recorded during periods of circulation (May-August). A significant correlation was found between the density of D. laevis and temperature (r = -0.47, p = 0.0001), chlorophyll-a (r = -0.32, p = 0.016) and indicators of the lake's trophic status (total phosphorus, r = 0.32, p = 0.007 and trophic state, r = 0.36, p = 0.003), as well as Chaoborus density (r = 0.43 and p = 0.002). These results indicate that changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the water related with stratification and circulation of the lake may have a direct (temperature, total phosphorous) or an indirect (food availability, presence of predators, ephippia eclosion) influence on the fluctuation of the D. laevis population.
A flutuação da população de Daphnia laevis na Lagoa Jacaré (Médio Rio Doce, Minas Gerais) foi monitorada mensalmente, em um ponto na região limnética, por seis anos (2002 a 2007), como parte do Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD/UFMG). Os seguintes parâmetros foram monitorados: temperatura da água, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, clorofila-a , fósforo total, fosfato, nitrogênio total, nitrato, nitrito, amônia e densidades de Chaoborus e de efípios de Daphnia laevis no sedimento. Um padrão sazonal foi observado na flutuação de D. laevis, com maiores densidades registradas durante períodos de circulação (maio a agosto). Correlações significativas foram observadas entre a densidade de D. laevis e a temperatura (r = -0.47, p = 0.0001) e a clorofila-a (r = -0.32, p = 0.016), e indicadores do estado trófico do lago (fósforo total, r = 0.32, p = 0.007 e estado trófico, r = 0.36, p = 0.003), além de densidade de Chaoborus (r = 0.43, p = 0.002). Esses resultados indicam que mudanças nas características físicas e químicas da água relacionadas com os periodos de estratificação e circulação do lago podem influenciar diretamente (temperatura, fósforo total) ou indiretamente (disponibilidade de alimento, presença de predadores, eclosão de efípios) a flutuação da população de D. laevis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Daphnia/physiology , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Lakes/analysis , Brazil , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Seasons , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Food availability may affect metal toxicity for aquatic organisms. In the present study, the influence of high, medium and low densities of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (10(6), 10(5) and 10(4) cells.mL-1, respectively) on the chronic toxicity of chromium to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was investigated. C. dubia was exposed to a range of chromium concentration from 2.71 to 34.04 µg.L-1 and fed with algae at various densities. In another experiment, the green alga was exposed to chromium concentrations (94 to 774 µg.L-1) and supplied as food in different densities to zooplankton. The survival and reproduction of the cladoceran were measured in these toxicity tests. The IC50 for Cr to P. subcapitata and metal accumulated by algal cells were determined. The results of a bifactorial analysis (metal versus algal densities) showed that metal toxicity to zooplankton was dependent on algal densities. Significant toxic effects on the reproduction and survival of C. dubia were observed at 8.73, 18.22 and 34.04 µg.L-1 Cr when the test organisms were fed with 10(6) cells.mL-1 of P. subcapitata. Although the chlorophyta retain low chromium content, a decrease in the reproduction and survival of C. dubia occurred when they were fed with high algal density contaminated with 774 µg.L-1 Cr. It was concluded that high algal density have an appreciable influence on chromium toxicity to daphnids.
A disponibilidade de alimento pode afetar a toxicidade dos metais para os organismos aquáticos. No presente estudo, a influência de alta, média e baixa densidades da alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (10(6), 10(5) e 10(4) céls.mL-1, respectivamente) sobre a toxicidade crônica do cromo para o cladócero Ceriodaphnia dubia foi investigada. C. dubia foi exposta a uma faixa de concentração de cromo de 2,71 a 34,04 µg.L-1 e alimentada com diferentes densidades algais. Em outro experimento, a alga foi exposta a concentrações de cromo (94 a 774 µg.L-1) e oferecida como alimento ao cladócero em diferentes densidades. A sobrevivência e a reprodução do cladócero foram medidas nesses testes de toxicidade. O valor da CI50 do cromo para P. subcapitata e a concentração de metal retido pelas células algais foram determinados. Os resultados da análise bifatorial (metal versus densidades algais) mostraram que a toxicidade do metal ao zooplâncton foi dependente da densidade algal. Efeitos tóxicos significativos na sobrevivência e reprodução de C. dubia foram observados a 8,73, 18,22 e 34,04 µg.L-1 Cr quando o organismo-teste foi alimentado com 10(6) céls.mL-1 de P. subcapitata. Apesar de a alga reter pouco cromo, decréscimo na sobrevivência e na reprodução de C. dubia ocorreu quando alimentada com alta densidade algal contaminada com 774 µg.L-1 Cr. Concluiu-se que alta densidade algal tem uma considerável influência na toxicidade do cromo aos dafinídeos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chlorophyta/chemistry , Chromium/toxicity , Daphnia/drug effects , Daphnia/physiology , Population Density , Reproduction/drug effects , Survival Rate , Toxicity Tests, ChronicABSTRACT
Search volume of cruising planktivorous fish was calculated based on its detailed behavior Th examine the factors influencing search volume, a series of experiments were conducted by varying ambient conditions, such as structural complexity light intensity and turbidity Pseudorasbora parva were used in experiment as predator and Daphnia pulex was selected as prey The shape of scanning area of P parva showed elliptic and the search volume changed drastically depending on ambient conditions. Compared with the results of previous foraging model, the search volumes of the fish under previous study were larger (1.2 to 2.4 times) than those from our study These results on the changes in feeding rate can be useful in determining microhabitat requirement of P parva and othercyprinids with a similar foraging behavior The calculated search volume is compared with other foraging model andthe effect of zooplankton-planktivore interactions on aquatic ecosystem is discussed.